INJURY CONCERNS OF BONE

SEVERS - PULL OF TIGHT MUSCLES DAMAGE THE BONE (HEEL)

SALTER HARRIS DISEASE - DAMAGE TO THE EPIPHYSEAL PLATE

AVULSION FRACTURES - TENDONS WORKING TOO HARD THUS INJURING THE ATTACHED BONE.

PARS INTERARTICULARIS FRACTURES - BONE REMODELLING CANNOT COPE WITH THE HEAVY DEMANDS.

SPONDYLOLYSIS - FRACTURE TO THE VERTEBRAE IN BACK

RED BLOOD CELL AND CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS

LOW BLOOD OXYGEN LEVELS

KIDNEY RELEASED ORYTHROPOEITEN

STIMULATES RED BONE MARROW

CREATES MORE RED BLOOD CELLS

INCREASED OXYGEN CARRYING ABILITY IN RED BLOOD CELLS

CALCIUM

LOW CALCIUM IN BLOOD LEVELS

PARATHYROID GLANDS RELEASE THE PARATHYROID HORMONE

INCREASED LEVELS OF PTH

INCREASES ACTIVITY OF OSTEOCLASTS WHICH RELEASE CALCIUM INTO THE BLOOD.

Q Angles in hip

The Q angles are formed depending on the width of the pelvis and the degree in which the femur sits, A wider pelvis means the femur would articulate at a wider angle, the wider the angle, the more chance the person would suffer from glenu varum. A womens Q angle should be no more than 22 degrees whilst mens is 18 degrees.

Women would have pubic arches greater than 90 degrees.

HIP MUSCLES

GLUTEUS MAXIMUS
GLUTEUS MEDIUS
GLUTEUS MINIMUS
PIRIFORMIS
QUADRATIS FEMORIS
SUPERIOR GEMELLUS
ILLIOPSIS (PSOAS MAJOR AND ILLIACUS)
ADDUCTORS

MUSCLES OF THE LEG

QUADRICEP

VASTUS RECTUS (RECTUS FEMORIS)

VASTUS MEDIALIS

VASTUS LATERALIS

VASTUS INTERMEDIALUS

HAMSTRING

SEMITENDINOSUS

BICEPS FEMORIS

SEMIMEMBRANOSUS

LOWER LEG - ANTERIOR

TIBIALIS ANTERIOR

LOWER LEG - POSTERIOR

GASTROSCEMIUS

SOLEUS

BREAKDOWN OF MUSCLE

WHOLE MUSCLE - MUSCLE IS COVERED BY EPIMYSIUM

FASCICULUS - FASCICULUS IS COVERED BY PERIMYSIUM

MUSCLE FIBER - A SINGLE MUSCLE FIBER IS COVERED BY ENDOMYSIUM

MYOFIBRIL:

SARCOLEMMA: Aids the transmission of action potential from the motor neuron to the muscle fibers.

ACTIN: Found within the sacromere on the z disk which create the sliding filaments when connected to the myosin.

SATELLITE CELLS: Facilitate growth, development and adaptation to injury, immobilisation and training of the muscle fibers.

SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM: Loops around the myofibril and stores calcium which is need to create sliding filaments.

MYOSIN: Two protein strands twisted together one end folded into a globular head

TRANSVERSE TUBULES: Allows waste products to move in and out of the myofibril, makes the myofibril respon to sarcolemma developments.

THE MOVEMENT OF BLOOD THROUGH THE HEART

1. Deoxygenated blood arrives via the superior and inferior vena cava. 
2. The blood moves into the right atrium and passes through the tricuspid valve.
3. The blood then moves into the right ventricle which then passes through the pulmonary valve.
4. Blood then arrives in the pulmonary artery which carries the deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
5. The lungs cause gaseous exchange to occur which removes the carbon dioxide from the blood and refuels it with oxygen. 
6. The newly oxygen rich blood then returns to the heart via the pulmonary vein.
7. The blood passes into the right atrium and through the mitral valve.
8. Blood arrives in the right ventricle and then passes through the aortic valve.
9. Once through the aortic valve, the oxygen rich blood arrives in the aorta which delivers the blood to the organs and tissues through arteries. 
10. Once the oxygen rich blood has been sapped by the organs and tissues, the process will start over again and the veins will carry the deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

BLUE = DEOXYGENATED BLOOD

RED = OXYGENATED BLOOD

ITALICS = SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

NORMAL = PULMONARY CIRCULATION