INJURY CONCERNS OF BONE

SEVERS - PULL OF TIGHT MUSCLES DAMAGE THE BONE (HEEL)

SALTER HARRIS DISEASE - DAMAGE TO THE EPIPHYSEAL PLATE

AVULSION FRACTURES - TENDONS WORKING TOO HARD THUS INJURING THE ATTACHED BONE.

PARS INTERARTICULARIS FRACTURES - BONE REMODELLING CANNOT COPE WITH THE HEAVY DEMANDS.

SPONDYLOLYSIS - FRACTURE TO THE VERTEBRAE IN BACK

RED BLOOD CELL AND CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS

LOW BLOOD OXYGEN LEVELS

KIDNEY RELEASED ORYTHROPOEITEN

STIMULATES RED BONE MARROW

CREATES MORE RED BLOOD CELLS

INCREASED OXYGEN CARRYING ABILITY IN RED BLOOD CELLS

CALCIUM

LOW CALCIUM IN BLOOD LEVELS

PARATHYROID GLANDS RELEASE THE PARATHYROID HORMONE

INCREASED LEVELS OF PTH

INCREASES ACTIVITY OF OSTEOCLASTS WHICH RELEASE CALCIUM INTO THE BLOOD.

Q Angles in hip

The Q angles are formed depending on the width of the pelvis and the degree in which the femur sits, A wider pelvis means the femur would articulate at a wider angle, the wider the angle, the more chance the person would suffer from glenu varum. A womens Q angle should be no more than 22 degrees whilst mens is 18 degrees.

Women would have pubic arches greater than 90 degrees.

HIP MUSCLES

GLUTEUS MAXIMUS
GLUTEUS MEDIUS
GLUTEUS MINIMUS
PIRIFORMIS
QUADRATIS FEMORIS
SUPERIOR GEMELLUS
ILLIOPSIS (PSOAS MAJOR AND ILLIACUS)
ADDUCTORS

MUSCLES OF THE LEG

QUADRICEP

VASTUS RECTUS (RECTUS FEMORIS)

VASTUS MEDIALIS

VASTUS LATERALIS

VASTUS INTERMEDIALUS

HAMSTRING

SEMITENDINOSUS

BICEPS FEMORIS

SEMIMEMBRANOSUS

LOWER LEG - ANTERIOR

TIBIALIS ANTERIOR

LOWER LEG - POSTERIOR

GASTROSCEMIUS

SOLEUS